抓緊行動迎接新《水污染防治法》實施

       2018年1月1日，新修訂的《水污(wu)染防治(zhi)(zhi)法》將正式施行。與以(yi)往相比，此次《水污(wu)染防治(zhi)(zhi)法》明(ming)確了許多比較具(ju)體的工作(zuo)要求。而從當(dang)前的實(shi)際看，一些地(di)區并沒有抓好相關工作(zuo)的落實(shi)。在(zai)距離《水污(wu)染防治(zhi)(zhi)法》生效(xiao)不(bu)到一個月的時間(jian)內，推動有關工作(zuo)的落實(shi)已經(jing)刻不(bu)容(rong)緩。

       推(tui)進加(jia)(jia)(jia)油(you)(you)(you)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)整治(zhi)(zhi)改(gai)造(zao)，避(bi)免(mian)普遍(bian)性(xing)環境(jing)違法(fa)(fa)行(xing)為。《水污染防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)》第四十條第二款規定：“加(jia)(jia)(jia)油(you)(you)(you)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)等的地(di)下(xia)油(you)(you)(you)罐應(ying)當使(shi)用(yong)雙(shuang)層(ceng)罐或者采取建(jian)造(zao)防(fang)(fang)滲(shen)(shen)池等其他(ta)有(you)效(xiao)措 施(shi)，并進行(xing)防(fang)(fang)滲(shen)(shen)漏(lou)監(jian)測，防(fang)(fang)止地(di)下(xia)水污染。”但事實(shi)上(shang)，除了近年來新(xin)修建(jian)的加(jia)(jia)(jia)油(you)(you)(you)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)以外，大(da)多(duo)數(shu)加(jia)(jia)(jia)油(you)(you)(you)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)沒有(you)采取雙(shuang)層(ceng)罐等有(you)效(xiao)防(fang)(fang)滲(shen)(shen)措施(shi)，更未開展防(fang)(fang)滲(shen)(shen)漏(lou)監(jian)測。新(xin) 《水污染防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)》實(shi)施(shi)后(hou)(hou)，這項要求成(cheng)為一(yi)項強制性(xing)措施(shi)，各地(di)必須抓緊最(zui)后(hou)(hou)的關(guan)鍵時(shi)期，加(jia)(jia)(jia)大(da)新(xin)《水污染防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)》的普及宣傳力度，加(jia)(jia)(jia)快推(tui)進加(jia)(jia)(jia)油(you)(you)(you)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)升(sheng)級改(gai)造(zao)，才(cai) 能避(bi)免(mian)普遍(bian)性(xing)的環境(jing)違法(fa)(fa)行(xing)為。由(you)于目前距(ju)離新(xin)《水污染防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)》實(shi)施(shi)時(shi)間較(jiao)緊，各地(di)環保部門(men)在推(tui)進這項工(gong)作的過(guo)程中，要避(bi)免(mian)撒網式宣傳，盡可能聯合商(shang)務部 門(men)、中石(shi)油(you)(you)(you)、中石(shi)化(hua)、中海(hai)油(you)(you)(you)等對口管(guan)理部門(men)或行(xing)業(ye)主管(guan)單位，通知到轄(xia)區范(fan)圍內具(ju)體的加(jia)(jia)(jia)油(you)(you)(you)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)經營(ying)業(ye)主，通過(guo)召(zhao)開工(gong)作推(tui)進會等形式，切實(shi)加(jia)(jia)(jia)大(da)加(jia)(jia)(jia)油(you)(you)(you)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)升(sheng)級改(gai)造(zao)力 度，避(bi)免(mian)新(xin)《水污染防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)》實(shi)施(shi)后(hou)(hou)再補(bu)救。

       加快重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)(dian)排(pai)(pai)污(wu)(wu)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)監(jian)(jian)測設備安裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)工(gong)作(zuo)，實(shi)(shi)現對重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)(dian)排(pai)(pai)污(wu)(wu)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)實(shi)(shi)時監(jian)(jian)管(guan)。開(kai)(kai)展重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)(dian)排(pai)(pai)污(wu)(wu)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)認定(ding)工(gong)作(zuo)是《環(huan)(huan)境(jing)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護法(fa)(fa)(fa)》賦(fu)予各(ge)設區地(di)級市的(de)一(yi)項行政職責。從 2015年開(kai)(kai)始，各(ge)地(di)也先后(hou)認定(ding)了(le)不少重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)(dian)排(pai)(pai)污(wu)(wu)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)名單(dan)(dan)。但(dan)在此前，除了(le)《環(huan)(huan)境(jing)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護法(fa)(fa)(fa)》《企業事業單(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)信(xin)息公開(kai)(kai)辦(ban)法(fa)(fa)(fa)》對于重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)(dian)排(pai)(pai)污(wu)(wu)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)信(xin)息公開(kai)(kai)有 明確的(de)規(gui)定(ding)之外(wai)，并(bing)沒有具體的(de)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)管(guan)理要求(qiu)。《環(huan)(huan)境(jing)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護法(fa)(fa)(fa)》雖然明確規(gui)定(ding)“重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)(dian)排(pai)(pai)污(wu)(wu)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)應(ying)當(dang)按照國家有關規(gui)定(ding)和監(jian)(jian)測規(gui)范安裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)使用監(jian)(jian)測設備，保(bao)(bao)(bao)證監(jian)(jian)測設備正 常運行，保(bao)(bao)(bao)存原始監(jian)(jian)測記錄”，但(dan)之前并(bing)沒有明確的(de)國家規(gui)定(ding)可以(yi)參照。此次新《水污(wu)(wu)染(ran)防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)》實(shi)(shi)施后(hou)，第二十三條第一(yi)款明確提出(chu)：“重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)(dian)排(pai)(pai)污(wu)(wu)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)還應(ying)當(dang)安裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang) 水污(wu)(wu)染(ran)物排(pai)(pai)放自動監(jian)(jian)測設備，與(yu)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護主管(guan)部門的(de)監(jian)(jian)控設備聯網(wang)，并(bing)保(bao)(bao)(bao)證監(jian)(jian)測設備正常運行。”也就(jiu)是說，新《水污(wu)(wu)染(ran)防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)》實(shi)(shi)施后(hou)，重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)(dian)排(pai)(pai)污(wu)(wu)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)安裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)自動監(jian)(jian) 測設備以(yi)及聯網(wang)成(cheng)為一(yi)項必須落實(shi)(shi)的(de)規(gui)定(ding)。各(ge)地(di)環(huan)(huan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)部門務(wu)必要針對已經確定(ding)的(de)重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)(dian)排(pai)(pai)污(wu)(wu)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)抓好宣傳，督促各(ge)重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)(dian)排(pai)(pai)污(wu)(wu)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)做好自動監(jian)(jian)測設備的(de)安裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)、聯網(wang)工(gong)作(zuo)。

       及時(shi)制定(ding)(ding)(ding)地(di)方(fang)性自(zi)(zi)由裁量(liang)規定(ding)(ding)(ding)，避免量(liang)罰(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)任意(yi)(yi)性。加(jia)大水(shui)環(huan)境(jing)違法(fa)行為的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)懲罰(fa)(fa)力度(du)，是此次(ci)新《水(shui)污(wu)染防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一大特色。在增加(jia)按日(ri)連續處罰(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎上(shang)(shang)(shang)，提高(gao) 了罰(fa)(fa)款(kuan)幅度(du)，比如(ru)將對企業超(chao)標(biao)、超(chao)總量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)罰(fa)(fa)款(kuan)由“排(pai)污(wu)費數額(e)二倍以(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)五倍以(yi)(yi)(yi)下”改(gai)為“十萬元(yuan)(yuan)以(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)一百萬元(yuan)(yuan)以(yi)(yi)(yi)下”等(deng)。處罰(fa)(fa)幅度(du)大幅上(shang)(shang)(shang)漲，意(yi)(yi)味著對環(huan)境(jing)執法(fa)提 出(chu)了更高(gao)要(yao)求。如(ru)何明確具(ju)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)處罰(fa)(fa)金額(e)，如(ru)何實現類似(si)案件類似(si)處理，避免個(ge)(ge)案處理上(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)畸輕畸重，就需要(yao)各(ge)地(di)在適(shi)用新《水(shui)污(wu)染防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候有(you)一個(ge)(ge)內(nei)部(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)裁 量(liang)規則。有(you)條件的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)省、設區(qu)地(di)級市等(deng)應當組織(zhi)編(bian)制本轄區(qu)范圍(wei)內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)由裁量(liang)規定(ding)(ding)(ding)，確保(bao)基(ji)層環(huan)保(bao)部(bu)(bu)門準確適(shi)用。對于上(shang)(shang)(shang)級環(huan)保(bao)部(bu)(bu)門尚未制定(ding)(ding)(ding)自(zi)(zi)由裁量(liang)規則的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，各(ge)基(ji)層 環(huan)保(bao)部(bu)(bu)門應當結合原《水(shui)污(wu)染防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實施(shi)情況制定(ding)(ding)(ding)本地(di)區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)裁量(liang)規定(ding)(ding)(ding)，更好地(di)提升(sheng)新《水(shui)污(wu)染防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)適(shi)用效率，保(bao)障法(fa)律適(shi)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)客觀公正。

       以(yi)上這些只是新(xin)《水(shui)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)防治(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)》實(shi)(shi)施前(qian)迫切需要解決的幾(ji)個問題。但(dan)實(shi)(shi)際上，此次修改后，《水(shui)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)防治(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)》由原來的92條增(zeng)加到103條，許(xu)多(duo)工(gong)(gong)作內容都是 前(qian)所未有的。各地(di)應當加強新(xin)《水(shui)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)防治(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)》的學習宣傳，針對新(xin)《水(shui)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)防治(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)》的相(xiang)關工(gong)(gong)作要求，抓緊推進落實(shi)(shi)，切實(shi)(shi)提(ti)升本地(di)區(qu)水(shui)環境(jing)質量。